<= 193. Malaysia 195. Myanmar =>
1. Mongolian Empire
- In 1206 Temujin, who had united the Mongol tribes of Altai and Manchuria, took the title Genghis Khan
- The Mongolian Empire is the largest contiguous empire in world history
- The Mongolian Empire is the second largest empire in total land area after the British Empire
- The Mongolian Empire existed between 1206 and 1368
- Genghis Khan died in 1227
- Pax Mongolica 1250-1350 was a period of relative peace that followed the Mongols' vast conquests
- The Mongolian Empire fragmented between the years 1260-1294
- In 1304 the four Mongolian regions unified briefly again
- In 1368 the Mongol Yuan dynasty fell in China to the Han Chinese Ming Dynasty
 |
| Top 5 largest empires of world history |
 |
| Mongolian Empire at its greatest extent |
2. Fragmentation of the Mongolian Empire
First Khagans of the Mongolian Empire
- Genghis Khan 1206-1227
- Ögedei Khan 1229-1241
- Güyük Khan 1246-1248
- Möngke Khan 1251-1259
The fourth Great Khan Möngke died in 1259 in the siege of Diaoyu castle with no declared successor. The members of the Tolui family line started fighting against each other for the title of Great Khan and this led to the Toluid Civil War in 1260-1264.
Along the Toluid Civil War the Berke-Hulagu war and Kaidu-Kublai war weakened the authority of the Great Khan over the Mongol Empire. As a result the Mongol Empire fractured into four separate khanates, which all pursued their own separate interests and objectives. The separated khanates also fell at different times.
Four Mongol Khanates
- Chagatai Khanate 1225-1680
- 1340s Chagatai Khanate split into western and eastern empires
- 1370 end of the western empire
- 1680s end of the eastern empire
- Golden Horde 1240s-1502
- Ilkhanate 1256-1335/1353
- Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368
 |
| Genghis Khan's family tree |
 |
| Mongol Empire in 1294 |
3. Pax Mongolica 1250-1350
The Pax Mongolica is a term used of the time period of relative peace followed by the Mongols' vast conquests.
Life during the Pax Mongolica
- The Mongol conquests connected the Eastern world with the Western world
- Before the Mongols' rise, the Old World system consisted of isolated imperial systems
- The Silk Road, which connected trade centers in Asia and Europe, came under the sole rule of the Mongol Empire
- At its height the Mongolian empire stretched from Shanghaiguan in the east to Budapest in the west and from the Rus in the north to Tibet in the south
- Trade routes used by the merchants became safe for travel, because large part of the continent was united under one political authority
- Overall growth and expansion of trade from China to Britain
- European merchants like Marco Polo travelled from Europe to China on the well-maintained and well travelled roads that linked Anatolia to China
- Gunpowder was introduced to Europe from China
- Along with land trade routes, a Maritime Silk Road contributed to the flow of goods and establishment of a Pax Mongolica
- For the first time, goods, people, techniques, information and ideas moved quickly across the Eurasian landmass
- Islamic methods of mathematics, astronomy and science made their way to Africa, East Asia and Europe
- Rudimentary banking systems were established
- Yassa ("Great Law") ensured that Buddhists, Muslims, Christians etc., were all allowed to travel freely throughout the empire
- A postal system called "Yam" was established consisting of relay stations in every 25-30 miles (one day's journey on horse)
End of Pax Mongolica
- Declined ease of trade between East and West
- Religious intolerance was one of the factors in the decline of the Pax Mongolica
- The Mongol world with its four khanates started to focus on their own khanates
- Rivalry between Mongol Princes
- Black Death spread quickly from rodents living in southern China and Burmese Himalayan foothills to Europe
- Over the next 300 China became extremely isolated from foreign merchants
 |
| Silk Road was a system of trade routes (land and maritime) connecting East and West |
 |
| The Black Death arrived from Asia to Europe |
4. Soviet Union influence on Mongolia
Mongolia's independence from China
Mongolia declared its independence in 1911 after the fall of the Qing dynasty in the Chinese revolution. In 1919 China occupied Mongolia as a result of the Russian Revolution and warfare erupted in the northern border. In 1921 the Mongol troops managed to end the Chinese occupation with the help of the Russian army. In July 11th, 1921 Mongolia declared its independence again and for the next seven decades Mongolia was closely aligned with the Soviet Union.
Mongolia during Soviet influence
- 1924 Mongolia changed its political system becoming the Mongolian People's Republic
- 1921-1952 early leaders of Mongolia were not communists and many of them were Pan-Mongolists
- The Soviet Union later forcefully established a communist regime in Mongolia by exterminating Pan-Mongolists
- 1930 Russia stopped Buryats migration to Mongolia to prevent the Mongolian reunification
- Khorloogiin Choibalsan instituted collectivization of livestock, initiated the destruction of the Buddhist monasteries and carried out the Stalinist repressions resulting in the murders of numerous monks and other leaders
- The Stalinist purges that started in 1937 killed more than 30,000 people
- In 1952 Prime Minister Khorloogiin Choibalsan died suspiciously in Russia
- All Mongolian leaders who didn't fulfill the Russian demands to perform terror against Mongolians were executed by Russians like Peljidiin Genden and Anandyn Amar
- In 1939 Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol
- The collapse of the Soviet Union influenced Mongolian politics and youth and in 1990 after a peaceful and democratic revolution Mongolia became a multi-party country with a market economy
 |
| Mongolian revolutionaries in 1921 |
5. Chinese occupation of Mongolia 1636-1911
Northern Yuan Dynasty 1368-1635
The Mongol Yuan Dynasty rule in China ended in 1368. The Mongols retreated to the Mongolian steppe and established the Northern Yuan dynasty in the Mongolian homeland. The last Mongol Khan Ligden Khan died in 1634 and in 1635 the Northern Yuan dynasty was disestablished.
Manchu rule in Mongolia 1636-1911
The Mongols were defeated by the Manchus in 1636, who founded the Qing dynasty, which ruled present-day China and a lot of surrounding areas. In 1691 the entire present-day Mongolia was under Manchu rule after the Khalkha submitted to the Qing rule.
Mongolia's independence 1911
In 1911 the Manchu rule over Mongolia ended, because China's last dynasty fell in the revolution. After the fall of the Qing dynasty Outer Mongolia was declared as independent kingdom. Inner Mongolia remained part of China.
Northern Yuan Dynasty 1368-1635
The Mongol Yuan Dynasty rule in China ended in 1368. The Mongols retreated to the Mongolian steppe and established the Northern Yuan dynasty in the Mongolian homeland. The last Mongol Khan Ligden Khan died in 1634 and in 1635 the Northern Yuan dynasty was disestablished.
Manchu rule in Mongolia 1636-1911
The Mongols were defeated by the Manchus in 1636, who founded the Qing dynasty, which ruled present-day China and a lot of surrounding areas. In 1691 the entire present-day Mongolia was under Manchu rule after the Khalkha submitted to the Qing rule.
Mongolia's independence 1911
In 1911 the Manchu rule over Mongolia ended, because China's last dynasty fell in the revolution. After the fall of the Qing dynasty Outer Mongolia was declared as independent kingdom. Inner Mongolia remained part of China.
 |
| Mongolia under Qing dynasty rule |
Timeline
40,000 Years ago humans reached Mongolia
c. 5500-3500BC Neolithic agricultural settlements like Norovlin, Tamsagbulag, Bayanzag and Rashaan Khad
3500-2500BC Horse-riding nomadism during the Copper and Bronze Age Afanasevo culture
209BC Iron Age Xiongnu Empire was founded and it lasted until 93
93-234 Xianbei Empire ruled more area than the present-day Mongolia encompasses
330-555 The Mongolic Rouran Khaganate of Xianbei provenance ruled a massive empire before being defeated by the Göktürks
555-745 The Göktürks ruled an even bigger empire than the Rouran Khaganate
745-840 The Uyghur Khaganate ruled the area before being defeated by the Kyrgyz
907-1125 The Mongolic Khitans, descendants of the Xianbei, ruled Mongolia during the Liao Dynasty
1206 Temujin, who had united the Mongol tribes of Altai and Manchuria, took the title Genghis Khan
1227 Genghis Khan died and his sons continued to expand the Mongol Empire by invading Korea, Myanmar, Hungary and Poland
1260-1264 The Mongol Empire fragmented in the Toluid Civil War fought between the descendants of Genghis Khan
1271 Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty, which ruled China until 1368
1368 The Ming dynasty took control over China expelling the Mongols from China
1400s Power struggles between different Mongol factions, most notably the Genghisids and non-Genghisid Oirats
1500s The entire Mongolia was reunited under the Genghisids by Dayan Khan and his khatun Mandukhai
1578 After meeting Dalai Lama, Dayan Khan introduced Tibetan Buddhism to Mongolia
1634 The last Mongol Khan Ligden Khan died
1636 Most Mongol Inner Mongolian tribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded the Qing dynasty, which ruled China
1691 The entire present-day Mongolia was under Manchu rule after the Khalkha submitted to the Qing rule
1757-1758 During the Qing conquest of Dzungaria the Dzungars were virtually annihilated
1911 The Manchu rule over Mongolia ended when the Qing dynasty fell in the revolution, after which Outer Mongolia was declared as independent kingdom
1919 As a result of the Russian Revolution, China occupied Mongolia and warfare erupted in the northern border
1921 The Mongol troops with the help of the Russian army managed to end the Chinese occupation
1921 July 11th Mongolia declared its independence again
1500s The entire Mongolia was reunited under the Genghisids by Dayan Khan and his khatun Mandukhai
1578 After meeting Dalai Lama, Dayan Khan introduced Tibetan Buddhism to Mongolia
1634 The last Mongol Khan Ligden Khan died
1636 Most Mongol Inner Mongolian tribes had submitted to the Manchus, who founded the Qing dynasty, which ruled China
1691 The entire present-day Mongolia was under Manchu rule after the Khalkha submitted to the Qing rule
1757-1758 During the Qing conquest of Dzungaria the Dzungars were virtually annihilated
1911 The Manchu rule over Mongolia ended when the Qing dynasty fell in the revolution, after which Outer Mongolia was declared as independent kingdom
1919 As a result of the Russian Revolution, China occupied Mongolia and warfare erupted in the northern border
1921 The Mongol troops with the help of the Russian army managed to end the Chinese occupation
1921 July 11th Mongolia declared its independence again
1924 Mongolia changed its political system after the death of Bogd Khaan and it became the Mongolian People's Republic
1930 Russia stopped Buryats migration to Mongolia to prevent the Mongolian reunification
1937 Stalinist purges started in Mongolia killing more than 30,000 people
1939 Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol
1949 After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition
1952 Prime Minister Khorloogiin Choibalsan died suspiciously in Russia
1961 Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on October 27th
1989 The collapse of the Soviet Union influenced Mongolian politics and youth
1990 Peaceful democratic revolution in Mongolia, when it became a multi-party country with a market economy
1937 Stalinist purges started in Mongolia killing more than 30,000 people
1939 Soviet Union successfully defended Mongolia against Japanese expansionism during the Battles of Khalkhin Gol
1949 After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition
1952 Prime Minister Khorloogiin Choibalsan died suspiciously in Russia
1961 Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on October 27th
1989 The collapse of the Soviet Union influenced Mongolian politics and youth
1990 Peaceful democratic revolution in Mongolia, when it became a multi-party country with a market economy
1992 A new constitution was introduced in Mongolia and the name "People's Republic" was dropped from the country's name
No comments:
Post a Comment