1. Malacca Sultanate 1400-1511
Malacca Sultanate was established by Parameswara, a runaway king of the former Kingdom of Singapura, in 1400. The Malacca Sultanate fell to Portugal in 1511. Sultan Muhammad Shah retreated to Kampar, Sumatra and his two sons went on to establish the Sultanate of Perak and Johor.
Malacca Sultanate legacy:
- Malay Empire left a lasting legacy with Malay culture and history of Malaysia
- The development of the Malay language, literature and arts
- Classical Malay became the lingua franca of the Maritime Southeast Asia
- Malaysation of the region
- Islam became a dominant religion in the region during the rule of the Sultanate
- Malacca was the first Malay Muslim state to have the status of a regional maritime power
- Contribution of a common Malay culture based on Islam by incorporating native and Hindu-Buddhist ideas and layering them with Islamic ideas and values
- Historic Malay-Javanese rivalry continues until modern times and still shapes the diplomatic relations between Malaysia and the Java-based Indonesia
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| Map of Malacca Sultanate |
2. Evolution of Malaysia
British Malaya
1824 Malacca ceded to British East India by Holland
1824 Singapore became a British colony
1826 Malacca, Penang and Singapore form the Straits Settlements under the control of the British East India Company
1906 Labuan joined the Straits Settlements
1946 Federated Malay States, Unfederated Malay States, Malacca and Penang formed the Malayan Union
1948 Malayan Union reformed as the Federation of Malaya
1957 The Federation of Malaya gets independence from Great Britain
1963 The Federation of Malaya, Singapore, British North Borneo (Sabah) and Sabah merge to form Malaysia
British Borneo
1846 Labuan ceded to Great Britain by Brunei
1848 Labuan became a crown colony
1841 Sarawak ceded to the White Rajah Dynasty of Sarawak by Brunei
1882 Sabah governed by British North Borneo Company
1888 Sabah became British North Borneo protectorate
1890 Labuan annexed to North Borneo
1946 The White Rajah ceded Sarawak to Great Britain
1963 Sarawak gets self-governance
1963 British North Borneo gets self-governance
1963 The Federation of Malaya, Singapore, British North Borneo (Sabah) and Sabah merge to form Malaysia
Singapore
1946 Labuan annexed to Singapore on April 1, which became the Crown Colony of Singapore
1946 Labuan annexed to North Borneo on July 15, which became the Crown Colony of British North Borneo
1959 Singapore gets self-governance
1963 Singapore declared independence June 3
1963 Singapore joined the Federation of Malaysia September 16
1965 Singapore expelled from Malaysia August 9
3. Europeans in Malaysia
Portugal 1511
Melaka, the capital of Malacca Sultanate was conquered by Portugal in 1511.
The Netherlands 1641
In 1641 the Dutch took over Melaka from the Portuguese.
Great Britain 1786
In 1786 the British Empire established a presence in Malaya, when the British East India Company leased Penang Island from the Sultan of Kedah. In 1819 the British obtained the town of Singapore and after the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 they took control of Melaka from the Dutch.
British Colonial Era 1826-1957
In 1826 the British established the crown colony of Straits Settlements, directly controlling Penang, Melaka, Singapore and the island of Labuan. Sabah and Brunei were declared as British Protectorates in 1888. The Federation of Malaya became independent from Great Britain in 1957, which later became Malaysia in 1963.
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| Dutch-Portuguese War in 1606 over control of Melaka |
4. Formation of present-day Malaysia in 1965
The territories of Peninsular Malaysia were unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Two years later in 1948 Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya. The Malayan Emergency also started in 1948 as mostly Chinese rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party launched guerrilla attacks in order to force the British out of Malaya.
In 1957 the Federation of Malaya achieved independence from Great Britain on 31th August 1957. In 1963 Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore to become Malaysia. Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah all were demanded by Indonesia and the Philippines the same year.
Singapore was one of the 14 states of Malaysia between 1963 and 1965 before it was expelled from the federation in 1965. The reason of the expulsion of Singapore was the distrust and ideological differences between the leaders of Singapore and the federal government of Malaysia. Thus present-day Malaysia got its borders in 1965.
The territories of Peninsular Malaysia were unified as the Malayan Union in 1946. Two years later in 1948 Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya. The Malayan Emergency also started in 1948 as mostly Chinese rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party launched guerrilla attacks in order to force the British out of Malaya.
In 1957 the Federation of Malaya achieved independence from Great Britain on 31th August 1957. In 1963 Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore to become Malaysia. Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah all were demanded by Indonesia and the Philippines the same year.
Singapore was one of the 14 states of Malaysia between 1963 and 1965 before it was expelled from the federation in 1965. The reason of the expulsion of Singapore was the distrust and ideological differences between the leaders of Singapore and the federal government of Malaysia. Thus present-day Malaysia got its borders in 1965.
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| Map of Malaysia |
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| News about the expulsion of Singapore in 1965 |
5. Unique Monarchy of Malaysia
- Malaysia is a constitutional elective monarchy
- Malaysia is the only federation in Southeast Asia
- The King is the head of state
- The King is elected to a five-year term
- The King is elected from the 9 hereditary rulers of the Malay states
- The 4 other states, which have titular Governors, don't participate in the selection of the King
- By informal agreement the title of the king's position is systematically rotated among the 9 rulers
- The King's role has been mainly ceremonial since the change of the constitution in 1994
- The King picks the ministers and members of the upper house
- The King leads the parliament and he can also dissolve it
- The King is also the leader of the Muslims in Malaysia
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| Sultans of Malaysia |
Timeline
40,000 years ago Malaysia was inhabited
1st-2nd century Buddhism and Hinduism spread to Southeast Asia from India
100s The kingdom of Langkasuka was established in the northern area of Malay Peninsula, lasting until the 15th century
600s-1200s Much of the Malay Peninsula was part of the Srivijayan empire
1200s-1300s The Majapahit Empire had got control over most of the peninsula and the Malay Archipelago from Srivijaya
1400 Malacca Sultanate was established by Parameswara, a runaway king of the former Kingdom of Singapura
1511 Melaka, the capital of Malacca Sultanate, was conquered by Portugal
1641 The Dutch took over Melaka from the Portuguese
1786 The British Empire established a presence in Malaya, when the British East India Company leased Penang Island from the Sultan of Kedah
1819 The British obtained the town of Singapore
1824 Following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the British took control of Melaka
1826 The British established the crown colony of Straits Settlements, directly controlling Penang, Melaka, Singapore and the island of Labuan
1842 Sarawak was ceded to James Brooke by the Sultan of Brunei as a reward for fighting against the rebels and pirates in the area
1877-1878 The British got control over present-day Sabah as North Borneo
1888 Sabah and Brunei were declared as British Protectorates
1940s Japan invaded and occupied Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore for over three years during World War II
1946 The Malayan Union was established, consisting of all British possession in the Malay Peninsula
1948 The Malayan Union was replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of Malay states under British protection
1948-1960 The Malayan Emergency as mostly the Chinese rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party launched guerrilla attacks in order to force the British out of Malaya
1963 Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah, that were all demanded by Indonesia and the Philippines, joined the Federation of Malaysia
1965 Singapore was expelled from the Federation of Malaysia
1966 The tension between Indonesia decreased after Sukarno's regime crashed
1969 The first Prime Minister Abdul Rahman had to resign after the violent unrests between the Malays and ethnic Chinese
1980s Malaysia started experiencing rapid economic growth and urbanisation under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
1990s The Asian financial crisis almost caused the collapse of the currency, the stock market and property markets
1940s Japan invaded and occupied Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore for over three years during World War II
1946 The Malayan Union was established, consisting of all British possession in the Malay Peninsula
1948 The Malayan Union was replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of Malay states under British protection
1948-1960 The Malayan Emergency as mostly the Chinese rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party launched guerrilla attacks in order to force the British out of Malaya
1963 Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah, that were all demanded by Indonesia and the Philippines, joined the Federation of Malaysia
1965 Singapore was expelled from the Federation of Malaysia
1966 The tension between Indonesia decreased after Sukarno's regime crashed
1969 The first Prime Minister Abdul Rahman had to resign after the violent unrests between the Malays and ethnic Chinese
1980s Malaysia started experiencing rapid economic growth and urbanisation under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad
1990s The Asian financial crisis almost caused the collapse of the currency, the stock market and property markets
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